隨著 nRF7000 Wi-Fi 協(xié)同 IC 的推出,我們現(xiàn)在可以提供具有 Wi-Fi、蜂窩物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和 GNSS 功能的完整硅到云定位解決方案。nRF7000 針對 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)掃描進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,與 nRF91 系列蜂窩物聯(lián)網(wǎng)模組配合使用,可實現(xiàn)基于 SSID 的 Wi-Fi 定位。Nordic基于SSID的Wi-Fi定位可以在室內(nèi)和室外、城市和郊區(qū)以極其省電的方式獲取精確的位置信息。這是對全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)(GNSS)的重要補(bǔ)充,尤其是在建筑物和密集城區(qū),GNSS 可能會因信號衰減和中斷而失效。
本博文將介紹我們基于 SSID 的 Wi-Fi 定位解決方案的工作原理以及如何開始測試。然后,我們將使用 nRF9160 DK、nRF7002 EK和 PPK2 執(zhí)行并展示實際功耗和準(zhǔn)確性測量,以比較 nRF Cloud 提供的不同定位服務(wù)的性能。
背景知識
Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)
Wi-Fi 是一種著名的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù),用于設(shè)備的局域網(wǎng)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入。Wi-Fi 通過 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)為家庭、辦公室和學(xué)校等環(huán)境提供便捷的無線互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入服務(wù)。
Wi-Fi 定位是一種地理定位功能,可讓支持 Wi-Fi 的設(shè)備利用附近 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)確定自己的大致位置。它的工作原理是檢索附近網(wǎng)絡(luò)的 SSID、BSSID 和信號強(qiáng)度等 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息,并將這些信息與已知位置的 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行比較。
Wi-Fi 定位系統(tǒng)包含以下關(guān)鍵組件:
用戶設(shè)備中的 Wi-Fi 無線電設(shè)備,用于檢測附近的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
將 MAC 地址等 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息映射到位置的數(shù)據(jù)庫。該數(shù)據(jù)庫由定位服務(wù)提供商維護(hù)。
通過查找數(shù)據(jù)庫中的匹配模式并計算信號強(qiáng)度來估計位置的算法。
當(dāng)設(shè)備查詢定位服務(wù)時,它會提供它能看到的所有 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)。該服務(wù)會在其數(shù)據(jù)庫中查找這些網(wǎng)絡(luò),找到相關(guān)位置,并根據(jù)相似性和信號強(qiáng)度估算設(shè)備的位置。
nRF Cloud Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)
nRF Cloud 提供的定位服務(wù)專為 Nordic 硅芯片量身定制,具有快速、省電的定位功能。它們可以幫助需要定位數(shù)據(jù)而又不需要高功耗的設(shè)備和應(yīng)用。提供多種定位技術(shù),包括 Assisted-GPS、Predictive-GPS、Single-Cell、Multi-Cell 和 Wi-Fi 定位。通過利用 nRF Cloud 的優(yōu)化定位算法,基于 Nordic SoC 和 模組的產(chǎn)品可在定位用例中實現(xiàn)高性能和超低功耗。對于 Wi-Fi 定位請求,nRF Cloud 可借助 Wi-Fi 數(shù)據(jù)庫計算設(shè)備位置,該數(shù)據(jù)庫包含不同 Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的坐標(biāo)。然后,設(shè)備位置將從 nRF Cloud發(fā)送到客戶云或返回到設(shè)備。
nRF70 系列
Nordic Semiconductor 于今年年初發(fā)布了我們的 Wi-Fi 產(chǎn)品系列 nRF70 系列。該系列推出的首款芯片是 nRF7002,它是一款超低功耗雙頻無線協(xié)同 IC,可為另一款主芯片添加低功耗 Wi-Fi? 6 功能。此外,我們最近還推出了專用于該用例的 nRF7000。這是一款雙頻 Wi-Fi 配套 IC,不發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),但可以進(jìn)行主動和被動掃描,純粹用于 Wi-Fi 定位目的。結(jié)合我們的 nRF9160 蜂窩物聯(lián)網(wǎng)模組和 nRF Cloud服務(wù),nRF7000 可通過嗅探本地 Wi-Fi 接入點的 SSID 實現(xiàn)基于 Wi-Fi 的定位服務(wù)。
Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)流程
nRF Connect SDK 中的 Cellular: Location示例演示了如何使用 nRF Cloud 提供的不同定位服務(wù)。
讓我們測試一下 nRF Cloud Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)如何在室內(nèi)環(huán)境中工作。
硬件:nRF9160 DK、nRF7002 EK、PPK2。
軟件:nRF Connect SDK v2.4.2、MFW v1.3.5、nRF Connect for Desktop 中的 Power Profiler 應(yīng)用程序。
硬件連接設(shè)置如下圖所示。在 Power Profiler 應(yīng)用程序中,配置 PPK2 源表模式,為 DK 上的 nRF9160模組供電并記錄其電流消耗變化。
Cellular: Location 示例中最初的 location_wifi_get() 函數(shù)可用于請求 Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)。啟用附加日志配置有助于了解請求過程。
# Add the following lines to the end of prj.conf CONFIG_LOCATION_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y CONFIG_NRF_CLOUD_REST_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y CONFIG_REST_CLIENT_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y CONFIG_NRF_CLOUD_LOG_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y CONFIG_NRF_CLOUD_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y
讓我們來了解一下如何使用 location_wifi_get() 請求 Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)。我們將這一過程分為三個步驟來解釋 Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)請求過程。
步驟 1:掃描 Wi-Fi 接入點信息
在此步驟中,配置 Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù),設(shè)備開始掃描附近的 Wi-Fi 接入點。結(jié)果顯示,設(shè)備在奧斯陸Nordic Semiconductor辦公樓附近或內(nèi)找到了 14 個 Wi-Fi 接入點。
Requesting Wi-Fi location with GNSS and cellular fallback... [00:01:19.903,594] location: location_core_config_log: Location configuration: [00:01:19.911,682] location: location_core_config_log: Methods count: 1 [00:01:19.919,342] location: location_core_config_log: Interval: 0 [00:01:19.926,605] location: location_core_config_log: Timeout: 300000ms [00:01:19.934,356] location: location_core_config_log: Mode: 0 [00:01:19.941,223] location: location_core_config_log: List of methods: [00:01:19.948,913] location: location_core_config_log: Method #0 [00:01:19.956,146] location: location_core_config_log: Method type: Wi-Fi (3) [00:01:19.964,660] location: location_core_config_log: Timeout: 30000ms [00:01:19.972,686] location: location_core_config_log: Service: Any (0) [00:01:20.044,921] location: location_request_info_create: Wi-Fi and cellular methods are not one after the other in method list so they are not combined [00:01:20.059,448] location: location_core_location_get_pos: Requesting location with 'Wi-Fi' method [00:01:20.069,458] location: location_core_location_get_pos: Starting request timer with timeout=300000 [00:01:20.079,711] location: location_core_timer_start: Starting timer with timeout=30000 [00:01:20.088,745] location: scan_wifi_start: Triggering start of Wi-Fi scanning [00:01:24.832,458] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #1 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 108, mac 24:36:da:16:xx:xx [00:01:24.845,184] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #2 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 108, mac 24:36:da:16:xx:xx [00:01:24.858,093] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #3 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 11, mac 24:36:da:16:xx:xx [00:01:24.870,910] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #4 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 11, mac 24:36:da:16:xx:xx [00:01:24.883,483] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #5 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 1, mac 24:36:da:11:xx:xx [00:01:24.896,209] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #6 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 1, mac 24:36:da:17:xx:xx [00:01:24.908,935] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #7 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 1, mac 24:36:da:17:xx:xx [00:01:24.921,417] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #8 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 64, mac 24:36:da:11:xx:xx [00:01:24.933,990] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #9 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 64, mac 24:36:da:11:xx:xx [00:01:24.946,807] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #10 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 6, mac 8a:5a:85:af:xx:xx [00:01:24.959,442] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #11 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 100, mac 24:36:da:17:xx:xx [00:01:24.972,167] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #12 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 6, mac 34:21:09:48:xx:xx [00:01:24.984,649] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #13 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 132, mac 24:36:da:11:xx:xx [00:01:24.997,619] location: scan_wifi_result_handle: scan result #14 stored: ssid XXXX, channel 132, mac 24:36:da:11:xx:xx [00:01:25.010,284] location: scan_wifi_done_handle: Scan request done with 14 Wi-Fi Aps
步驟 2:請求 nRF Cloud Wi-Fi 定位
nRF9160 會將 Wi-Fi 接入點信息(包括 MAC 地址、SSID、信號強(qiáng)度和信道)編碼為 JSON 文件。然后,JSON 文件將被發(fā)送到 nRF Cloud,nRF Cloud 將使用這些數(shù)據(jù)檢查 Wi-Fi 定位數(shù)據(jù)庫,并使用特定算法計算設(shè)備位置。結(jié)果包含緯度、經(jīng)度、精確度等信息。有關(guān) API 請求和響應(yīng)格式,請參閱 nRF Cloud REST API 文檔。
[00:01:25.028,015] location: cloud_service_location_get: Cloud service location parameters: [00:01:25.037,170] location: cloud_service_location_get: Service: 0 [00:01:25.044,494] location: cloud_service_location_get: Timeout: 25060ms [00:01:25.052,337] location: cloud_service_nrf_pos_get: Sending positioning request (REST) [00:01:25.160,125] nrf_cloud_codec_internal: nrf_cloud_location_req_json_encode: JSON: {"wifi":{"accessPoints":[{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-41,"channel":108},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-41,"channel":108},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-48,"channel":11},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-49,"channel":11},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-63,"channel":1},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:17:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-70,"channel":1},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:17:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-70,"channel":1},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-72,"channel":64},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-72,"channel":64},{"macAddress":"8a:5a:85:af:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-73,"channel":6},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:17:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-75,"channel":100},{"macAddress":"34:21:09:48:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-76,"channel":6},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-85,"channel":132},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-85,"channel":132}]}} [00:01:25.283,142] rest_client: rest_client_request: Requesting destination HOST: api.nrfcloud.com at port 443, URL: /v1/location/ground-fix [00:01:25.296,966] rest_client: rest_client_request: Payload: {"wifi":{"accessPoints":[{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-41,"channel":108},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-41,"channel":108},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-48,"channel":11},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:16:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-49,"channel":11},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-63,"channel":1},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:17:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-70,"channel":1},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:17:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-70,"channel":1},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-72,"channel":64},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-72,"channel":64},{"macAddress":"8a:5a:85:af:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-73,"channel":6},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:17:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-75,"channel":100},{"macAddress":"34:21:09:48:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-76,"channel":6},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-85,"channel":132},{"macAddress":"24:36:da:11:xx:xx","ssid":"XXXX","signalStrength":-85,"channel":132}]}}[00:01:25.417,358] rest_client: rest_client_sckt_connect: Doing getaddrinfo() with connect addr api.nrfcloud.com port 443 [00:01:25.435,699] rest_client: rest_client_sckt_connect: getaddrinfo() 52.70.xxx.xxx [00:01:25.445,892] rest_client: rest_client_sckt_connect: Connecting to api.nrfcloud.com port 443 +CSCON: 1 [00:01:26.902,130] rest_client: rest_client_http_response_cb: HTTP: All data received (content/total: 79/328), status: 200 OK [00:01:26.914,245] rest_client: rest_client_request: API call response len: http status: 200, 79 bytes [00:01:26.926,025] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: Location acquired successfully: [00:01:26.934,844] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: method: Wi-Fi (3) [00:01:26.942,901] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: latitude: 59.920980 [00:01:26.950,988] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: longitude: 10.689317 [00:01:26.959,136] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: accuracy: 15.0 m [00:01:26.966,857] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: date: 2023-08-31 [00:01:26.974,609] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: time: 13:49:40.035 UTC [00:01:26.982,879] location: location_core_event_cb_fn: Google maps URL: https://maps.google.com/?q=59.920980,10.689317 Got location: method: Wi-Fi latitude: 59.920980 longitude: 10.689317 accuracy: 15.0 m date: 2023-08-31 time: 13:49:40.035 UTC Google maps URL: https://maps.google.com/?q=59.920980,10.689317
步驟 3:設(shè)備進(jìn)入休眠狀態(tài)
當(dāng) RRC 非活動定時器到期時,nRF9160 將進(jìn)入 RRC 空閑狀態(tài)。我將活動定時器 (T3324) 設(shè)置為 0 (CONFIG_LTE_PSM_REQ_RAT=“00000000”) 以幫助設(shè)備進(jìn)入 RRC 空閑狀態(tài)后立即進(jìn)入 PSM 以節(jié)省功耗。RRC 閑置定時器由移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營商配置(此處挪威電信為 5 秒)。如果 MNO 支持快速釋放功能 (AS-RAI),設(shè)備可通過發(fā)送 RAI 通知基站釋放它們之間的無線連接,從而立即進(jìn)入 RRC 空閑狀態(tài)。這將進(jìn)一步降低總功耗。您可以從這篇博客中了解有關(guān) RAI 的更多信息:最大限度延長蜂窩物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的電池壽命: 對 eDRX、PSM 和 AS-RAI 的分析。
比較實踐中的定位服務(wù)
nRF Cloud 中提供的定位服務(wù)在定位精度和功耗方面性能各異,您可以根據(jù)自己的應(yīng)用需求選擇最適合的服務(wù)。
圖:定位服務(wù)的定位精度和功耗
功耗: GNSS 定位服務(wù)在定位搜索過程中的耗電量約為 50mA,在沒有輔助的情況下,搜索過程可能會持續(xù)幾十秒到幾分鐘。即使有 A-GPS 數(shù)據(jù)輔助,首次定位時間(TTFF)仍需數(shù)秒。基于 Wi-Fi 和蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)的定位服務(wù)耗電量要少得多,因為它們會從 Wi-Fi 接入點或蜂窩基站收集周圍數(shù)據(jù),然后將收集到的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到 nRF Cloud進(jìn)行設(shè)備定位。這些過程純粹是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信,因此功耗大大低于全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)操作。
準(zhǔn)確性: 但在精確度方面,情況恰恰相反。全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)的定位精度高于其他兩種系統(tǒng),而 Wi-Fi 的定位精度則高于蜂窩定位服務(wù)。
在為應(yīng)用選擇合適的定位服務(wù)時,功耗和準(zhǔn)確性是最重要的考慮因素,但您還應(yīng)考慮室內(nèi)/室外環(huán)境使用、Wi-Fi 和蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋等因素,以選擇最佳的定位服務(wù)或在它們之間進(jìn)行切換。下表列出了不同 nRF Cloud 定位服務(wù)的性能,并根據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性、延遲和功耗等因素進(jìn)行了衡量。
Wi-Fi | GNSS | Single-cell | Multi-cell | |
Accuracy (optimal) | 5-15m | 5-10m | 1000m | 200-300m |
Latency | Seconds | Seconds | <1s | <1s |
Power consumption | Moderate | Very high | Low | Low+ |
Read distance | 150m | Anywhere | 35km | 35km |
Use-case | Which room | Very accurate outdoor | Very rough outdoor | Which building |
圖表中的表格列出了不同定位服務(wù)的最佳精度;實際精度在實踐中會有所不同。例如,在高樓林立的城市中,由于反射和建筑物會干擾 GNSS 信號,GNSS 定位服務(wù)的精度可能比 Wi-Fi 低。根據(jù)應(yīng)用需求選擇正確的定位服務(wù)方法并通過測量評估實際位置精度和功耗非常重要。
為了幫助您了解如何在實踐中進(jìn)行評估,我們對使用不同定位方法時的功耗進(jìn)行了測量。測量仍然基于 nRF Connect SDK 樣本 Cellular: Location。測試地點位于Nordic Semiconductor奧斯陸辦公樓的樓頂。
基于蜂窩的定位服務(wù)
定義了以下新函數(shù) location_cellular_get(),用于測試蜂窩定位服務(wù)。
/** * @brief Retrieve location with cellular location service. */ static void location_cellular_get(void) { int err; struct location_config config; enum location_method methods[] = {LOCATION_METHOD_CELLULAR}; location_config_defaults_set(&config, ARRAY_SIZE(methods), methods); printk("Requesting cellular location...n"); err = location_request(&config); if (err) { printk("Requesting location failed, error: %dn", err); return; } location_event_wait(); }
蜂窩定位服務(wù)的功耗結(jié)果與 Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)非常相似。下圖顯示了蜂窩定位服務(wù)的 PPK2 測量結(jié)果。
以下是測試的日志輸出。該蜂窩定位服務(wù)請求的總功耗為 122.48 mC,精確度為 1708.0 m。
Requesting cellular location... Got location: method: Cellular latitude: 59.920624 longitude: 10.689719 accuracy: 1708.0 m date: 2023-09-04 time: 12:47:23.399 UTC Google maps URL: https://maps.google.com/?q=59.920624,10.689719
基于 Wi-Fi 的定位服務(wù)
以下捕獲使用 location_wifi_get 函數(shù)請求 Wi-Fi 定位服務(wù)。該事件的總功耗為 125.85mC,日志顯示精確度為 30.0m。
Got location: method: Wi-Fi latitude: 59.919015 longitude: 10.688577 accuracy: 30.0 m date: 2023-09-04 time: 12:47:51.753 UTC Google maps URL: https://maps.google.com/?q=59.919015,10.688577
使用 A-GPS 提供基于 GNSS 的定位服務(wù)
樣本中的原始函數(shù) location_gnss_low_accuracy_get() 用于 GNSS 定位服務(wù)請求,并啟用了 A-GPS 輔助功能。低精度模式可讓 GNSS 展示較寬松的固定接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以節(jié)省功耗。GNSS 定位服務(wù)有三種精度模式:低精度、正常精度和高精度。精度越高,設(shè)備的耗電量就越大,但根據(jù)經(jīng)驗,我們知道所有精度模式的耗電量都高于 Wi-Fi 和蜂窩定位服務(wù)。在 GNSS 定位服務(wù)測量中,我們預(yù)計即使 GNSS 的低精度模式也會比 Wi-Fi 和蜂窩定位服務(wù)提供更好的定位精度,因此在測量中使用了低精度模式,我們可以看到 GNSS 與其他定位服務(wù) “最接近 ”的功耗差異。結(jié)果確實證明了這一假設(shè)。A-GPS 數(shù)據(jù)只請求一次,以加快 TTFF 的速度。請注意,只要設(shè)備中的歷書和星歷數(shù)據(jù)仍然有效,就不需要 A-GPS 請求。
PPK2 測量結(jié)果顯示,在沒有 A-GPS 數(shù)據(jù)請求過程的情況下,該事件的總電荷量為 316.71mC,日志顯示精度為 16.9m。
Got location: method: GNSS latitude: 59.920928 longitude: 10.689040 accuracy: 16.9 m date: 2023-09-04 time: 12:48:34.586 UTC Google maps URL: https://maps.google.com/?q=59.920928,10.689040
結(jié)果
下面是我們在奧斯陸Nordic Semiconductor 辦公室屋頂進(jìn)行的功耗和精度測量結(jié)果。
nRF Cloud location service | Power consumption (mC) | Accuracy (m) |
Cellular | 122.48 | 1708.0 |
Wi-Fi | 125.85 | 30.0 |
GNSS (low accuracy with A-GPS) | 316.71 (A-GPS data request process is not included) | 16.9 |
我們可以看到,這些測量結(jié)果正確反映了 “位置服務(wù)的定位精度和功耗 ”圖中的內(nèi)容。在一般情況下,Wi-Fi 是一種很好的定位服務(wù)方法,它能以較低的功耗獲得很高的精度。
請注意,圖表中的表格列出了不同定位服務(wù)的最佳精度;實際精度在實踐中會有所不同。例如,在高樓環(huán)繞的城市中,由于反射和建筑物會干擾 GNSS 信號,GNSS 定位服務(wù)的精度可能比 Wi-Fi 低。根據(jù)應(yīng)用需求選擇正確的定位服務(wù)方法并通過測量評估實際定位精度和功耗非常重要。
審核編輯 黃宇
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