轉(zhuǎn)自科技日?qǐng)?bào)

記者 吳長(zhǎng)鋒洪敬譜林雨晨

原稿標(biāo)題：

'Origin Wukong' Ushers in China's Quantum Computing Era

On January 6, 2024, China's home-grown third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer Origin Wukong commenced operations, offering limited-time free access to global users.

In just three months, Origin Wukong had notched up over 8 million remote visits from 120 countries worldwide, completing approximately 180,000 global quantum computing tasks. This marks China's official entry into the era of accessible quantum computing, signifying the completion of China's indigenous superconducting quantum computer manufacturing chain.

Scientific legacy

The inception of China's quantum computing journey started 26 years ago with a low-key meeting on quantum science.

The meeting was organized by Guo Guangcan, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The meeting organizer wrote to prominent scientist Qian Xuesen, known as the father of China's aerospace, asking for advice on holding the meeting. Qian agreed that efforts should be concentrated on overcoming the technical challenges to China's quantum information systems.

Guo Guangcan then initiated a research project which obtained China's first national-level major project funding in quantum information in 2001.

Subsequently, Guo Guangcan's student Guo Guoping took up his mantle, leading significant projects in solid-state quantum chip research. In 2013, the team achieved a breakthrough in quantum logic gate operations, laying a robust foundation for semiconductor-based quantum computers.

Quantum computing revolution

Quantum computers, with their immense computational power and broad application prospects, are hailed as future industrial accelerators. A comparison test conducted by Google in 2023 showcased quantum computing's speed advantage — completing in under three minutes tasks for which the fastest supercomputers require approximately 50 years.

This year, the 72-qubit superconducting quantum computer Origin Wukong was finally unveiled. Wukong is the name of the fictional character Monkey King from the 16th century classic Journey to the West, who was endowed with magic powers. The name symbolizes the machine's formidable capabilities.

The quantum computer must work in an ambient temperature close to absolute zero (-273.15°C), which requires the connected cables to not only transmit signals without distortion but also isolate heat.

The team developed high-density microwave interconnect modules suitable for ultra-low-temperature environments, crucial for China's superconducting quantum computer industrialization.

Future prospects

On April 10, Origin Wukong integrated China's first post-quantum cryptography "anti-quantum attack shield," enhancing both its computing power and security.

The Origin Wukong manufacturer's comprehensive research and development, from theory to manufacturing, have positioned it as the sole Chinese company currently capable of delivering complete superconducting quantum computers. Collaboration with various industries is enriching China's quantum computing landscape, paving the way for future applications.

The Chinese government, as outlined in this year's Government Work Report, emphasizes nurturing emerging industries like quantum technology, laying the foundation for future industrial leadership.

Guo Guoping reiterated the company's commitment to advancing quantum computing principles, technology translation, and application development, aiming for scalable programmable quantum computing.

（中文參考原文）

2024年4月28日科技日?qǐng)?bào)頭版頭條

“悟空”生出大算力

“短短3個(gè)月內(nèi)，‘本源悟空’已經(jīng)吸引了全球117個(gè)國(guó)家共計(jì)511萬(wàn)人次的遠(yuǎn)程訪問(wèn)，完成了約16.9萬(wàn)個(gè)全球量子計(jì)算任務(wù)！”日前在接受科技日?qǐng)?bào)記者采訪時(shí)，中國(guó)科學(xué)院量子信息重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室副主任、中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)教授郭國(guó)平興奮地說(shuō)。

2024年1月6日，我國(guó)第三代自主超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)“本源悟空”上線運(yùn)行，并向全球用戶限時(shí)免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。

這是中國(guó)量子算力首次大規(guī)模、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間向全球開(kāi)放，標(biāo)志著我國(guó)正式進(jìn)入量子算力“可用”時(shí)代，也意味著中國(guó)自主超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)制造鏈已然“成鏈”。

三代科學(xué)家接力

中國(guó)量子計(jì)算機(jī)的起步，可以追溯到26年前。

“1998年，我正在籌辦‘量子通信和量子計(jì)算’香山科學(xué)會(huì)議。為了擴(kuò)大會(huì)議影響，想邀請(qǐng)一位‘大人物’來(lái)主持會(huì)議。”中國(guó)科學(xué)院院士、中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)教授郭光燦向記者回憶。

這位“大人物”，就是“兩彈一星”元?jiǎng)族X學(xué)森。

在致錢學(xué)森的信中，郭光燦大膽建議“要拿出當(dāng)年搞‘兩彈一星’的精神來(lái)搞量子信息”，并熱切邀請(qǐng)錢學(xué)森主持會(huì)議。

沒(méi)多久，郭光燦就收到了錢學(xué)森的回信。錢學(xué)森高度贊同他的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為“我國(guó)應(yīng)集全國(guó)力量攻克量子信息系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)問(wèn)題”。

盡管錢學(xué)森因身體狀況未能參會(huì)，但他的支持，如曙光一般照亮了中國(guó)量子科學(xué)研究的前程。

從那時(shí)起，郭光燦開(kāi)始申請(qǐng)相關(guān)研究項(xiàng)目。2001年，他獲得了我國(guó)首個(gè)量子信息領(lǐng)域的國(guó)家級(jí)重大項(xiàng)目資助。

時(shí)間來(lái)到2010年，郭光燦的學(xué)生郭國(guó)平接過(guò)接力棒，擔(dān)任了“固態(tài)量子芯片研究”重大專項(xiàng)首席科學(xué)家。2013年，郭國(guó)平帶領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì)，在“一個(gè)電子”上實(shí)現(xiàn)了10皮秒級(jí)的量子邏輯門運(yùn)算，將原世界紀(jì)錄提高近百倍，為基于半導(dǎo)體材料的量子計(jì)算機(jī)研究打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

2017年，郭國(guó)平領(lǐng)銜創(chuàng)辦了國(guó)內(nèi)首家量子計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)化企業(yè)——本源量子計(jì)算科技（合肥）股份有限公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱“本源量子”）。

量子計(jì)算機(jī)因其強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算能力和廣泛的應(yīng)用前景，被視為未來(lái)的超級(jí)“工業(yè)加速器”。2023年，谷歌做了一項(xiàng)對(duì)比測(cè)試，結(jié)果表明：完成相同的計(jì)算任務(wù)，量子計(jì)算機(jī)用時(shí)3分鐘以內(nèi)，而最快的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)約需50年。

今年初，本源量子推出搭載72位自主超導(dǎo)量子芯片的量子計(jì)算機(jī)——“本源悟空”。取名“悟空”，寓意著其擁有“72變”的強(qiáng)大算力。

每一項(xiàng)研發(fā)都從零做起

“超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈有3個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，芯片、硬件、軟件。”郭國(guó)平說(shuō)。

為了造出中國(guó)自主的量子計(jì)算機(jī)，本源量子建設(shè)了量子芯片制造封裝和量子計(jì)算機(jī)組裝測(cè)試兩大實(shí)驗(yàn)室，完成了從芯片到整機(jī)軟硬件的全棧式開(kāi)發(fā)。

量子芯片需要在-273.15℃的極低溫條件下運(yùn)行。這就要求連接量子芯片的線纜不僅傳輸信號(hào)不失真，還要隔絕熱量。

“為解決這一難題，我們與中電科40所聯(lián)合攻關(guān)，研制出適用于極低溫環(huán)境的高密度微波互連模組，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了該模組的國(guó)產(chǎn)化。”安徽省量子計(jì)算工程研究中心副主任、“本源悟空”研制團(tuán)隊(duì)成員賈志龍說(shuō)，“這為我國(guó)超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)的產(chǎn)業(yè)化提供了重要支持。”

量子計(jì)算機(jī)組裝測(cè)試需要將量子芯片、量子測(cè)控儀器儀表、量子操作系統(tǒng)、量子軟件等進(jìn)行整機(jī)組裝和測(cè)試。“每一項(xiàng)研發(fā)都要從零做起，意味著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。”郭國(guó)平坦言。

“本源悟空”硬件研制團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人孔偉成介紹，新機(jī)器匹配了本源第三代量子計(jì)算測(cè)控系統(tǒng)“本源天機(jī)”，實(shí)現(xiàn)了國(guó)內(nèi)首次量子芯片的批量自動(dòng)化測(cè)試，使量子計(jì)算機(jī)整機(jī)運(yùn)行效率提升數(shù)十倍。

除了芯片和硬件，“本源悟空”還搭載了我國(guó)首個(gè)量子計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)——本源司南3.0版本。操作系統(tǒng)研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人竇猛漢告訴記者，這一系統(tǒng)在國(guó)內(nèi)首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)量子計(jì)算任務(wù)批處理的支持，不但能夠支持量超協(xié)同計(jì)算，還可高效調(diào)度量子計(jì)算資源，大幅提升量子計(jì)算機(jī)整機(jī)運(yùn)行效率。

從實(shí)驗(yàn)室走向制造鏈

4月10日，“本源悟空”成功裝備國(guó)內(nèi)首個(gè)PQC（后量子密碼）“抗量子攻擊護(hù)盾”。從算力提升到“攻守兼?zhèn)洹保瑯?biāo)志著我國(guó)量子計(jì)算機(jī)制造鏈更加完備。

“制造一臺(tái)超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)，需要從實(shí)驗(yàn)室的理論研究開(kāi)始，一路‘過(guò)關(guān)斬將’。”本源量子總經(jīng)理張輝介紹，本源量子還陸續(xù)研發(fā)制造出國(guó)內(nèi)首個(gè)用于量子芯片無(wú)損檢測(cè)的無(wú)損探針儀、對(duì)量子芯片進(jìn)行修復(fù)的激光退火儀等國(guó)產(chǎn)量子芯片生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。隨著這條集研發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、測(cè)試于一體的超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)制造鏈的形成和完善，本源量子成為我國(guó)目前唯一一家具備超導(dǎo)量子計(jì)算機(jī)整機(jī)交付能力的公司。

目前，“本源悟空”已與多個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)超算中心以及金融、通信、電力、航空、航天等部門和單位展開(kāi)合作。這些行業(yè)的積極參與，為中國(guó)量子計(jì)算機(jī)的制造應(yīng)用提供了更為優(yōu)渥的科研土壤。

今年的政府工作報(bào)告提出，積極培育新興產(chǎn)業(yè)和未來(lái)產(chǎn)業(yè)，制定未來(lái)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，開(kāi)辟量子技術(shù)、生命科學(xué)等新賽道，創(chuàng)建一批未來(lái)產(chǎn)業(yè)先導(dǎo)區(qū)。

“量子計(jì)算機(jī)制造鏈一頭連著科技創(chuàng)新，一頭連著新質(zhì)生產(chǎn)力。”談起下一步的打算，郭國(guó)平表示，“我們將加速量子計(jì)算的原理驗(yàn)證、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化和應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)，向著實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模可編程通用量子計(jì)算機(jī)的目標(biāo)穩(wěn)步邁進(jìn)！”