看一道海康威視的筆試題，題目很簡單：

題目是多選題。

我覺得大部分同學看到這個題目的時候，應該覺得它是一個送分題。

main函數如果提供參數的話，有兩個參數，一個是argc，一個是argv，其中，argc表示命令行參數的個數，argv是個指針數組，每個指針指向一個參數。

#include 


int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++)
    {
        printf("%s
", argv[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}

我們經常寫這樣的代碼，把所有命令行參數打印出來。

結果就是這樣的：

root@Turbo:test# ./1 hello world
./1
hello
world
root@Turbo:test#

但是當我們提交答案后，它居然是錯的，main函數竟然有三個參數，第三個參數是envp。

這到底是個什么？

于是我找了一份glibc的源碼，找到了libc_start_main函數，我們平時寫的main函數，就是由它來調用的。

STATIC int
LIBC_START_MAIN (int (*main) (int, char **, char ** MAIN_AUXVEC_DECL),
     int argc, char **argv,
#ifdef LIBC_START_MAIN_AUXVEC_ARG
     ElfW(auxv_t) *auxvec,
#endif
     __typeof (main) init,
     void (*fini) (void),
     void (*rtld_fini) (void), void *stack_end)
{
  /* Result of the 'main' function.  */
  int result;


  __libc_multiple_libcs = &_dl_starting_up && !_dl_starting_up;


#ifndef SHARED
  _dl_relocate_static_pie ();


  char **ev = &argv[argc + 1];


  __environ = ev;


  /* Store the lowest stack address.  This is done in ld.so if this is
     the code for the DSO.  */
  __libc_stack_end = stack_end;


# ifdef HAVE_AUX_VECTOR
  /* First process the auxiliary vector since we need to find the
     program header to locate an eventually present PT_TLS entry.  */
#  ifndef LIBC_START_MAIN_AUXVEC_ARG
  ElfW(auxv_t) *auxvec;
  {
    char **evp = ev;
    while (*evp++ != NULL)
      ;
    auxvec = (ElfW(auxv_t) *) evp;
  }
#  endif
  _dl_aux_init (auxvec);
  if (GL(dl_phdr) == NULL)
# endif
    {
      /* Starting from binutils-2.23, the linker will define the
         magic symbol __ehdr_start to point to our own ELF header
         if it is visible in a segment that also includes the phdrs.
         So we can set up _dl_phdr and _dl_phnum even without any
         information from auxv.  */


      extern const ElfW(Ehdr) __ehdr_start
  __attribute__ ((weak, visibility ("hidden")));
      if (&__ehdr_start != NULL)
        {
          assert (__ehdr_start.e_phentsize == sizeof *GL(dl_phdr));
          GL(dl_phdr) = (const void *) &__ehdr_start + __ehdr_start.e_phoff;
          GL(dl_phnum) = __ehdr_start.e_phnum;
        }
    }


  /* Initialize very early so that tunables can use it.  */
  __libc_init_secure ();


  __tunables_init (__environ);


  ARCH_INIT_CPU_FEATURES ();


  /* Perform IREL{,A} relocations.  */
  ARCH_SETUP_IREL ();


  /* The stack guard goes into the TCB, so initialize it early.  */
  ARCH_SETUP_TLS ();


  /* In some architectures, IREL{,A} relocations happen after TLS setup in
     order to let IFUNC resolvers benefit from TCB information, e.g. powerpc's
     hwcap and platform fields available in the TCB.  */
  ARCH_APPLY_IREL ();


  /* Set up the stack checker's canary.  */
  uintptr_t stack_chk_guard = _dl_setup_stack_chk_guard (_dl_random);
# ifdef THREAD_SET_STACK_GUARD
  THREAD_SET_STACK_GUARD (stack_chk_guard);
# else
  __stack_chk_guard = stack_chk_guard;
# endif


# ifdef DL_SYSDEP_OSCHECK
  if (!__libc_multiple_libcs)
    {
      /* This needs to run to initiliaze _dl_osversion before TLS
   setup might check it.  */
      DL_SYSDEP_OSCHECK (__libc_fatal);
    }
# endif


  /* Initialize libpthread if linked in.  */
  if (__pthread_initialize_minimal != NULL)
    __pthread_initialize_minimal ();


  /* Set up the pointer guard value.  */
  uintptr_t pointer_chk_guard = _dl_setup_pointer_guard (_dl_random,
               stack_chk_guard);
# ifdef THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD
  THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD (pointer_chk_guard);
# else
  __pointer_chk_guard_local = pointer_chk_guard;
# endif


#endif /* !SHARED  */


  /* Register the destructor of the dynamic linker if there is any.  */
  if (__glibc_likely (rtld_fini != NULL))
    __cxa_atexit ((void (*) (void *)) rtld_fini, NULL, NULL);


#ifndef SHARED
  /* Call the initializer of the libc.  This is only needed here if we
     are compiling for the static library in which case we haven't
     run the constructors in `_dl_start_user'.  */
  __libc_init_first (argc, argv, __environ);


  /* Register the destructor of the program, if any.  */
  if (fini)
    __cxa_atexit ((void (*) (void *)) fini, NULL, NULL);


  /* Some security at this point.  Prevent starting a SUID binary where
     the standard file descriptors are not opened.  We have to do this
     only for statically linked applications since otherwise the dynamic
     loader did the work already.  */
  if (__builtin_expect (__libc_enable_secure, 0))
    __libc_check_standard_fds ();
#endif


  /* Call the initializer of the program, if any.  */
#ifdef SHARED
  if (__builtin_expect (GLRO(dl_debug_mask) & DL_DEBUG_IMPCALLS, 0))
    GLRO(dl_debug_printf) ("
initialize program: %s

", argv[0]);
#endif
  if (init)
    (*init) (argc, argv, __environ MAIN_AUXVEC_PARAM);


#ifdef SHARED
  /* Auditing checkpoint: we have a new object.  */
  if (__glibc_unlikely (GLRO(dl_naudit) > 0))
    {
      struct audit_ifaces *afct = GLRO(dl_audit);
      struct link_map *head = GL(dl_ns)[LM_ID_BASE]._ns_loaded;
      for (unsigned int cnt = 0; cnt < GLRO(dl_naudit); ++cnt)
  {
    if (afct->preinit != NULL)
      afct->preinit (&link_map_audit_state (head, cnt)->cookie);


    afct = afct->next;
  }
    }
#endif


#ifdef SHARED
  if (__glibc_unlikely (GLRO(dl_debug_mask) & DL_DEBUG_IMPCALLS))
    GLRO(dl_debug_printf) ("
transferring control: %s

", argv[0]);
#endif


#ifndef SHARED
  _dl_debug_initialize (0, LM_ID_BASE);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_CLEANUP_JMP_BUF
  /* Memory for the cancellation buffer.  */
  struct pthread_unwind_buf unwind_buf;


  int not_first_call;
  not_first_call = setjmp ((struct __jmp_buf_tag *) unwind_buf.cancel_jmp_buf);
  if (__glibc_likely (! not_first_call))
    {
      struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF;


      /* Store old info.  */
      unwind_buf.priv.data.prev = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cleanup_jmp_buf);
      unwind_buf.priv.data.cleanup = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cleanup);


      /* Store the new cleanup handler info.  */
      THREAD_SETMEM (self, cleanup_jmp_buf, &unwind_buf);


      /* Run the program.  */
      result = main (argc, argv, __environ MAIN_AUXVEC_PARAM);
    }
  else
    {
      /* Remove the thread-local data.  */
# ifdef SHARED
      PTHFCT_CALL (ptr__nptl_deallocate_tsd, ());
# else
      extern void __nptl_deallocate_tsd (void) __attribute ((weak));
      __nptl_deallocate_tsd ();
# endif


      /* One less thread.  Decrement the counter.  If it is zero we
   terminate the entire process.  */
      result = 0;
# ifdef SHARED
      unsigned int *ptr = __libc_pthread_functions.ptr_nthreads;
#  ifdef PTR_DEMANGLE
      PTR_DEMANGLE (ptr);
#  endif
# else
      extern unsigned int __nptl_nthreads __attribute ((weak));
      unsigned int *const ptr = &__nptl_nthreads;
# endif


      if (! atomic_decrement_and_test (ptr))
  /* Not much left to do but to exit the thread, not the process.  */
  __exit_thread ();
    }
#else
  /* Nothing fancy, just call the function.  */
  result = main (argc, argv, __environ MAIN_AUXVEC_PARAM);
#endif


  exit (result);
}

果然，libc_start_main函數的第一個參數，就是待會要調用的main函數，從聲明可以看出，這個函數確實有三個參數，第一個是int類型，后面兩個都是char **類型。

STATICint LIBC_START_MAIN(int(*main)(int,char**,char**MAIN_AUXVEC_DECL),
intargc,char**argv,
ElfW(auxv_t)*auxvec,
     __typeof (main) init,
     void (*fini) (void),
     void (*rtld_fini) (void), void *stack_end)
{
    //....
}

而且程序最后調用main函數的時候，也確實是傳了三個參數。

result = main (argc, argv, __environ MAIN_AUXVEC_PARAM);

第三個參數指向的是環境變量，在代碼里面確實有函數對它做初始化。
envp類型和argv一樣，都是指針數組，每個指針指向一個環境變量，并且最后以NULL結尾。

要是寫代碼的話，可以通過循環來輸出各個字符串：

#include 


int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])
{
    int i = 0;


    while (envp[i])
    {   
        printf("%s
", envp[i++]);
    }   


    return 0;
}

運行的結果就是這樣的。跟我們用env命令看到的基本一樣。 ? ?

審核編輯：湯梓紅